-A.11    ISTjambors    Oopyrighted. 

Piiblishea  Monthly.     Volume  133.     Nnmber  4 


SIXTY-SEVENTH    YEAR. 


!    M'W  16  iq^?  ^ 


THE 


] 


NORTH  AMERICAN 
REVIEW. 


EDITED   BY   ALLEN   TH^BNDIKE  RICE. 


m 


October,  1881. 

I.  Some  Dangerous  Questions Senator  John  T.  Morgan. 

II.  The  Elements  of  Puritanism Prof.  George  P.  Fisher. 

III.  The  State  and  the  Nation Senator  George  F.  Edmunds. 

IV.  The  Idea  of  the  University President  Daniel  C.  Gilman. 

V    V.  Why  Comwallis  Was  at  Yorktown Sydney  Howard  Gay. 

VI.  Shall  Two  States  Rule  the  Union? Thomas  A.  Hendricks. 

VII.  The  Ruins  of  Central  America.     Part  IX D6sir6  Charnay. 


VIII.   Washington  as  a  Strategist Col.  Henry  B.  Carrington. 

NEW  YORK : 
D.   APPLETON    AND    COMPANY. 

LONDON:   SAMPSON  LOW,  MAR8T0X,  SEARLE  &  RIVINGTOX.      PARIS:   TllB  GAUONANI   LTBUARY. 

BERLIN;    A.   A8HER  &  CO.      GENEVA:    J.   CUKRBULIEZ.      ROME:    LOESCHKR  &  CO. 

MELBOURNE:  W.ROUERTSON.    YOKOHAMA  AND  SHANGHAI:  KELLY*  WAL9IT. 


TERMS.-  Five  Dollars  n  year.     Hlnf^le  nnmber,  Fifty  Cents, 


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Volume  132  of  the  North  American  Review, 

NOW   READY,   COMPLETE. 


CONTENTS. 

JANUARY. 
The  Philosophy  of  Persecution.    Professor  John  Fiske 
Controlling  Forces  In  American  Politics.    Senator  G.  F.  Edmukdb. 
Atheism  iu  Colleges.    Pre«iaent  John  Bascom. 
The  Kuius  of  Centml  America.    PartV.    D^ib6  Chabnat. 
Partisan  GoTemmeut.    Wm.  D.  Lk  Sueur. 
Popular  Art  Education.    Professor  JOHN  F.  WEIR. 
The  Limitations  of  8ex.    Nina  Mora». 

The  Iflission  of  the  Democratic  Party.   Senator  W.  A.  Wallack. 
Recent  Philological  Worlis.    Professor  F.  A.  March. 

FEBRUARY. 
The  Nicaragua  Canal.    General  U.  S.  Grant. 
The  Pulpit  and  the  Pew.    Oliver  Wendell  Holmes. 
Aaron's  Hod  in  Politics.   Judge  Albion  W.  Tourcee. 
Did  8hnkeHpenre  Write  Bacon's  Works?   James' Freeman  Clarkc 
Partisanship  iu  the  Supreme  Court.    Senator  John  T.  Mouoan. 
The  Ruin^i  of  Centi-al  America.    Part  VI.    D^siRfe  Charnay. 
The  Poetry  of  the  Future.    Walt  Whitman. 

MARCH. 
Theology  in  the  Public  Schools.    Bishop  A.  C.  COXB. 
The  iHthiniau  Ship- Railway.    JAftiES  B.  Eads. 
The  Eflects  of  Negro  Suffrage.    Chief-Justice  H,  H.  Chalmers. 
Hie  Success  of  the  Free- School  System.    John  D.  Philukick.  I 

Despotism  in  Lunatic  Asylums.    I>okman  B.  Eaton.  ' 

The  Political  Attitude  of  the  Mormons.    Judge  C.  C.  Goouvruf.  ^ 

Thcolofficnl  Charlatanism.    John  Fiske.  ] 

Recent  Publications  in  Physics.    Prof.  A.  W.  Wright.  \ 

APRIL.  I 

Reform  versus  Reformation.    Judge  Albion  W.  Tourgbb.  ^ 

The  Thing  that  Might  be.    Mark  Pattison.  } 

ReliKion  in  Schools.    Hishop  B.  J.  McQuaid.  1 

The  Ownership  of  Kail  road  ^Property.    Geo  hob  Ticknor  CUBTia.  \ 

The  Historic  Genesis  of  Protestantism.    John  Fiskb. 
The  Telegraph  Monopoly.    William  M.  Springer. 
Henry  Wndsworth  Longfellow.    Anthony  Trollopb. 

MAY. 
Centralization  in  the  Federal  Government.    David  Dudley  Pibia 
The  Old  Version  and  the  New.    Rev.  Dr.  Philip  Schaff. 
The  Needs  of  the  Supreme  Court.    William  Stronq. 
Utah  Rud  Its  People.    George  Q.  Cannon. 
Shnii  Americans  Build  Ships?    JOHN  ROACH. 
The  Life- Saving  Service.    S.  8.  COX. 

The  Ituliis  of  Central  America.    Part  Vir.    D68Ir6  Charnat.  , 

What  Mornlity  Have  We  Left?    A  New  Light  MOBAUST.  I 

JUNE.  I 

Our  Future  Fiscal  Policy.    Hugh  McCulloch.  ' 

The  Patrician  Element  in  American  Society.    George  B.  Lorino. 

A  New  Phase  of  the  Reform  Movement.    Dokman  B.  Eaton. 

Shall  Americans  Own  Ships?    ITof.  W.  O.  Sumner. 

The  Color  Line.    Fuedkkick  DOUOLASS. 

The  Ku ins  of  Central  America.    Part  VIII.    Di::sik6  Charnay. 

Vaccination.    Dr.  Austin  Flint. 

The  Right  to  Regulate  Railway  Charges.    J.  M.  Mason. 

Prehistoric  Man  in  America.    Prof.  Edward  S.  Morse. 


Price,  unbound,  $2.50  ;  bound  In  Cloth,  $3.50  ;  in  half  morocco,  $4.00. 

Nent,  post-paid,  on  receipt  of  price. 

Address  TllK  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW,  New-  York. 


THE 


NORTH     AMERICAN 


REVIEW. 


OCTOBEE,    1881. 


No.  299. 


Tros  Tvi'iusque  mihi  nullo  discriraine  agetur. 


NEW    YORK: 

D.    APPLETON    AND    COMPANY. 

1S81. 


COPYKIGHT    BY 

ALLEN  THORNDIKE   RICE. 

1881. 


SOME  DANGEROUS   QUESTIONS  325 

been  "beyond  the  hounds  of  a  reasonable  hope  to  have  expected  a 
peaceful  result  in  this  gauntlet  of  chances  to  which  this  great 
office  would  have  been  thus  exposed.  It  should  be  enough  to  say- 
to  a  wise  people  that  all  questions  are  open  and  dangerous  that 
relate  to  the  counting  of  the  votes  of  Electors.  They  are  as 
numerous  as  it  is  possible  for  the  ambition,  the  cupidity,  the 
fraud,  and  the  skill  of  wicked  men  to  invent. 

Other  questions  of  momentous  consequence  are  also  open  and 
dangerous,  but  as  they  do  not  relate  particularly  to  the  organic 
system  and  functions  of  the  Government,  they  are  passed  by. 
What  the  remedy  should  be  for  the  evUs  which  so  abound  in  our 
Government,  is  left  to  the  reflections  of  thoughtful  men. 

It  may  be  impossible  to  provide  by  law  for  the  performance 
by  others  of  the  duties  and  powers  of  the  President  during  a 
temporary  inability,  or  for  determining  when,  and  how,  and  under 
what  circumstances  his  permanent  disability  vacates  his  office. 
But  the  Government  cannot  stop  because  a  President  is  unable  to 


NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 


OCTOBER,    1881, 


Art.  Page. 

I.  Some  Dangerous  Questions.    By  John  T.  Mor- 
gan, United  States  Senator 315 

II.  The  Elements  of  Puritanism.    By  Prof.  George 

P.  Fisher 326 

III.  The    State    and    the    Nation.      By    George    F. 

Edmitnds,  United  States  Senator 338 


.^^^i  OF  PR/-^ 
,  ^MY  16  1932  "^ 


/ 

THE  ELEMENTS  OF.PURITMISM. 

If  a  Connecticut  or  Massachusetts  Puritan  of  the  first  age  of 
New  England  were  to  revisit  the  places  where  he  had  once  dwelt, 
he  would  be  not  a  little  amazed,  and — supposing  him  to  retain 
his  former  opinions — not  in  the  least  gratified,  at  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal changes  which  would  first  meet  his  eye.  He  would  experience 
the  same  feeling  of  surprise  and  regret  almost  everywhere  among 
the  ancient  abodes  of  Puritanism,  in  the  Old  World  and  the  New. 
In  the  room  of  the  plain  meeting-house,  whose  architecture  was 
conformed  to  no  historic  model,  although  possessed  of  a  certain 
dignity  and  comeliness  of  its  own,  he  would  find  his  descendants, 
in  most  of  the  large  and  in  not  a  few  of  the  smaller  towns,  gather- 
ing within  the  walls  of  a  Gothic  structure,  mediaeval  in  its  form 
and  associations.  Raising  his  eyes  to  the  spire,  he  would  be  aston- 
ished at  beholding  a  cross  on  its  summit,  restored  to  the  place 
whence  he  had  indignantly  dislodged  it.  Entering,  with  a  frown, 
within  the  arched  door,  he  would  find  the  interior  illuminated  with 
mingled  colors,  transmitted  through  stained  glass,  resembling 
that  which  his  contemporaries  broke  out  of  the  windows  of  Can- 
terbury Minster  and  St.  Paul's,  in  the  days  of  the  Civil  "War.  If 
it  were  Sunday,  and  the  hour  of  worship,  he  would  not  have 
time  to  soothe  the  feeling  excited  by  this  transformation  of  a 
Puritan  conventicle,  before  his  ears  would  be  offended  with  the 
sound  of  instrumental  music,  and  he  would  descry  the  organ, 
which  he  had  excluded  from  the  sanctuary,  reinstated  in  its  old 
place  of  honor.  According  to  the  unpublished  diary  of  the  late 
President  Stiles,  of  Yale  CoUege,  the  first  organ  ever  introduced 
into  a  Nonconformist  congregation  in  England  or  America  was 
placed  in  a  Congregationalist  meeting-house  in  Providence,  in 
1770.  It  was  a  wonder  and  a  scandal  unto  many.  One  had  been 
used  ))efore  at  Princeton  College,  but  not  in  the  Sunday  services ; 
and  the  misgivings  occasioned  there  by  the  use  of  it  in  coUege 


THE  ELEMENTS   OF  PURITANISM.  327 

prayers  had  caused  it,  Dr.  Stiles  iuiorius  us,  to  be  laid  aside.  A 
few  years  ago,  I  \dsited  the  old  chiu'ch  at  Zurich,  where  Zmngle 
preached,  the  edifice  from  wliicli,  haviuj^  the  same  opinion  on  the 
matter  of  cliurcli  music  as  the  IHuitans,  he  had,  notwithstanding 
his  fondness  for  the  musical  art,  and  his  skill  in  it,  expelled  the 
organ ;  and  there  I  found  the  organ  again  in  its  place,  and  was 
told  by  the  sexton  that  it  had  been  brought  in  only  a  fortniglit 
before,  aft.er  thi*ee  centuries  of  exile,  the  way  for  its  return  ha\dng 
been  paved  by  a  previous  use  of  a  melodeon.  The  same  retro- 
gression in  this  particular  takes  place  generally,  though  in  some 
localities  more  tardily  than  in  othei's.  Hai'dly  more  than  a  score 
of  yeai's  have  passed  since  an  organ  was  allowed  in  the  First 
Church  in  New  Haven — the  church  founded  by  John  Davenport. 
Returning  to  our  Puritan  visitor  to  the  Congregational  and  Pres- 
byterian churches  of  the  present  day,  we  observe  that  his  grief 
and  astonishment  would  only  have  begun  on  the  discovery  of  the 
mutations  which  have  been  just  described.  His  displeasure,  if  he 
were  a  Massachusetts  Puritan  of  the  early  day,  would  l)e  excited 
at  hearing  the  Scriptures  read  by  the  minister,  without  comment, 
a  practice  which  in  his  time  was  regarded  as  reprehensible. 
And  this  displeasure  would  be  aggravated  on  hearing  the  minis- 
ter read,  and  the  people  or  a  choii'  sing,  hymns  by  iminspired 
authors.  He  might,  in  some  congregations,  hear  the  Lord's 
Prayer  repeated  in  concert,  the  responsive  reading  of  the  Psalms, 
and  other  liturgical  exercises  which  he  liad  l)een  wont  to  regard 
with  reprobation.  If  favored  with  an  in\dtation  to  a  wedding,  he 
would  experience  a  pang,  if  not  retire  in  disgust,  at  seeing  the 
ring  placed  on  the  bride's  finger.  The  participation  of  a  minister 
in  the  ceremony  might  itself  be  offensive  to  him,  since  mar- 
riage in  the  old  Puritan  colony  was  by  the  civil  magistrate 
exclusively.  So  a  rehgious  service  at  a  funeral,  and  especially  at 
a  grave,  would  strike  liim  as  a  revival  of  a  dangerous  custxjm,  a 
custom  adapted  to  encourage  superstition — which  the  Puritan 
community  had,  therefore,  sternly  discarded.  If  emotions  of  sor- 
row and  condemnation  would  arise  in  his  mind  in  \dew  of 
these  innovations,  what  would  be  his  im])ressions  on  seeing  his 
descendants  engage  in  the  celebration  of  Christmas,  in  the  com- 
memoration of  Easter,  and  even  in  delivering  and  hearing  Lenten 
lectures  for  their  spiritual  edification?  We  have  touched  on 
sundry  departures  from  old  usage  in  matters  purely  ecclesiastical, 
without  referring  to  various  amusements   and  social   customs 


328  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

which  are  more  or  less  in  vogue  in  churches  and  circles  still  nom- 
inally Puritan, — pra<itices  which  our  fathers  put  under  the  ban. 

Let  us  not  be  misunderstood.  Puritanism  had  many  types 
and  phases.  It  was  sometimes  moderate  and  sometimes  extreme. 
It  was  not  just  the  same  thing  in  Old  England  as  it  was  in  New. 
In  England  there  were  Puritans  who  would  not  quarrel  with  a. 
moderate  episcopacy.  A  churchman  like  Ussher  did  not  differ 
materially  from  a  Puritan  like  Baxter.  There  was  a  vast  num- 
ber of  Puritans,  under  James  I.  and  the  Stuarts  after  him,  who 
would  have  continued  to  use  the  prayer-book  if  a  few  obnoxious 
passages  had  been  stricken  from  its  pages.  There  were  pohtieal 
Puritans,  who  cooperated  with  theological  Puritans  mainly  from 
a  wish  to  further  the  cause  of  civil  liberty  against  hierarchical,  as 
well  as  regal,  usurpation  and  oppression.  From  the  beginning 
of  Elizabeth's  reign,  there  was  a  numerous  bod;/  of  Puritans  in 
the  Church  of  England.  Her  bishops  were  most  of  them,  in 
principle,  Puritans.  In  the  vestment  controversy,  which  formed 
the  first  conspicuous  epoch  in  the  conflict,  prelates  like  Jewell 
would  have  been  glad  to  cast  off  the  cap  and  surpHce.  It  was 
only  the  determined  wiU  of  the  Queen  —  a  Lutheran  in  her 
creed,  with  strong  ritualistic  proclivities — that  prevented  the 
Church  of  England  from  becoming  Pui'itan  in  its  ceremonies — 
that  is,  much  more  closely  conformed  to  the  example  of  the 
Reformed  Church  on  the  Continent.  Burleigh,  Sir  Nicholas 
Bacon,  Leicester,  were  Puritan  statesmen.  Puritanism  was 
identified  with  no  single  form  of  chiuvh  polity.  A  Puritan 
might  be  a  Presbyterian,  or  Independent,  or  even  favorable  to 
an  episcopate  with  limited  functions  of  government.  He  might 
believe  in  a  church  establishment,  or  oppose  it.  Puritanism 
generally  was  hostile  to  the  subjection  of  the  church  to  the  state, 
and  looked  with  no  favor  on  the  Erastian  theory,  that  church 
and  state  are  one  and  the  same,  on  which  Cranmer  and  Ms  asso- 
ciates at  first  proceeded,  and  which  never  ceased  to  exert  a  power 
ful  influence  in  shaping  the  Anglican  polity.  Yet  even  when 
Puritanism  was  completely  dominant,  under  the  Long  Parlia 
ment,  there  was  a  steady  refusal  to  constitute  in  England  u 
general  assembly,  such  as  existed  in  the  Church  of  Scotland,  or- 
to  relinquish  the  independence  and  supremacy  of  the  civil  author- 
ity in  the  affairs  of  religion,  as  well  as  in  the  secular  sphere.  As 
to  liturgical  worship,  Calvinists  at  Geneva  and  elsewhere  on  the 
Continent,  and  in  the  Church  of  Scotland,  organized  by  Knox, 


THE  ELEMENTS   OF  PURITANISM.  329 

had  litur«»-ical  forms.  The  principal  festivals,  especially  Efister, 
were  frequently  observed  by  bodies  of  Protestants  who  were 
closely  affiliated  wdth  the  Puritans.  Puritans  were  bent  on  re- 
stricting tlie  power  of  the  Crown,  especially  in  the  regulation  of 
the  rites  and  ceremonies  of  Christian  people,  and  in  the  exercise 
of  church  discipline.  They  wanted  to  simplify  the  English  hier- 
archy by  doing  away  with  various  ecclesiastical  offices  having  no 
precedent  in  Scrip tiu-e,  and  by  curtailing  the  authority  of  bishops. 
They  were  disposed  to  sweep  away  from  the  ritual  ^'  the  relics  of 
popery," — such  as  the  clerical  apparel,  and  the  phraseology 
included  in  prayers  which  was  thought  to  countenance  Roman 
Catholic  tenets ;  and  they  were  zealous  for  an  educated  ministry 
and  for  the  exclusion  from  communion  of  unworthy  participants. 
The  drift  of  Puritanism  was  toward  the  banishment  from  polity 
and  from  worship  of  everything  which  could  not  sustain  itself 
by  a  definite  appeal  to  Scripture.  The  church,  the  Puritan  felt, 
was  emerging  from  a  long  period  of  corruption.  It  must  look 
for  its  patterns  of  government  and  rite,  not  to  the  middle  ages, 
which  were  ages  of  superstition,  not  even  to  the  comparatively 
pure  centuries  following  upon  the  apostolic  era,  but  to  the  church 
of  the  apostles  itself  and  to  the  Scriptures.  The  settlers  of  New 
England  carried  the  tendencies  inherent  in  their  system  to  a  far- 
ther limit  than  was  reached  by  most  others  who  had  been  desig- 
nated by  the  name  of  Puritan.  They  went  back  to  what  they 
considered  the  primitive  organization  of  Christian  societies. 
They  discarded  altogether  written  forms  of  prayer.  They 
abjui-ed  aU  Christian  festivals,  except  the  Lord's  Day,  which 
they  rested  on  a  revealed  commandment.  Observances  which 
emanated  from  ecclesiastical  authority  in  ages  subsequent  to 
the  apostles,  observances  which  symbolized  dogmas  not  consist- 
ent with  evangelical  doctrine,  or  even  thought  to  give  countenance 
to  a  superstitious  conception  of  the  Christian  ministry — an  exag- 
geration of  its  function  and  prerogatives — they  unsparingly 
swept  away.  Esthetic  and  sentimental  considerations  went  for 
nothing,  in  comparison  with  the  demand  of  what  they  judged  to 
be  apostolic  and  enlightened  Christianity.  Saints^  days,  a  monu- 
ment of  mediaeval  superstition,  and  linked  to  the  Romish  claim 
to  a  power  of  canonizing  the  departed;  vni\\  them  all  fasts  and 
feasts  hauded  down  in  the  church,  but  of  merely  human  ordination ; 
vestments  suggesting  to  the  people  that  their  religious  teacher 
was  something  more  than  a  minister  j  the  agency  of  a  clergyman 


330  THE  NOBTH  AMEBIC  AN  REVIEW. 

in  iinitiug  persons  in  marriage  and  in  the  burial  of  the  dead 
which  for  ages  had  been  deemed  indispensable  on  these  occasions- 
the  attaching  of  a  mystic  sacredness  to  church  edifices;  accessories 
of  worship  which  sprang  out  of  moods  of  f  eehng,  or  kindled  moods 
of  feeling,  not  involving  of  necessity  intelligent  acts  of  devotion ; 
all  these  institutions  and  practices  the  Puritans,  in  the  first  age 
of  New  England,  abolished.  They  were  Protestants  of  the 
Protestants.  With  the  Bible  in  theii*  hands,  thej^  undertook  a 
ngid  excision  of  whatever  had  crept  into  the  church,  or  been 
imposed  on  the  church  by  its  rulers,  after  the  canon  of  the  New 
Testament  had  closed. 

One  who  glances  at  the  ecclesiastical  and  exterior  aspects  of 
Puritanism  may  judge  it  to  be  undergoing  a  rapid  process  of  dis- 
integration. Forms  of  church  government  which  Puritanism 
established,  to  be  sure,  still  subsist  and  flourish.  But  even  these 
— in  New  England,  at  least — have  materially  changed  since  the 
time  when  a  minister  lost  his  clerical  character  on  lea^dng  his 
office  in  a  particular  congregation,  and  became,  in  aU  respects,  a 
layman.  Amid  these  changes  of  custom  and  rite,  what  is  there, 
it  may  be  asked,  that  abides  f  What  are  the  permanent  elements, 
which  time  has  spared,  and  which  will  continue  to  live  f 

There  is,  in  the  first  place  and  preeminently,  the  Puritan 
rejection  of  the  dogma  that  the  minister  is  a  priest. 

This  denial  was  a  part  of  the  protest  which  constituted  Prot- 
estantism. Luther  proclaimed  it  in  his  earliest  proclamations 
of  evangelical  doctrine.  But  Puritanism  reiterated  this  protest 
in  the  most  emphatic  and  practical  shape.  What  was  the  doctrine 
of  the  priesthood?  It  was  the  doctrine  that  the  clergy  are  recip- 
ients of  a  special  grace, — an  ''indelible'^  grace, — by  which  they 
are  constituted  the  indispensable  almoners  of  heaven's  gifts  to 
the  flock,  the  exclusive  channel  through  which  the  good  offered 
to  men  in  the  Gospel  must  be  received — mediators,  thus,  between 
Christ  and  the  laity.  This  body  of  priests  are  a  close  corpora- 
tion ;  without  their  act  and  consent  none  can  enter  their  ranks. 
Coupled  with  these  tenets  is  the  doctrine  of  the  sacraments  as  the 
indispensable  means  of  conveying  grace  to  the  indi\'idual,  as  oper- 
ative by  a  mysterious,  intrinsic  virtue,  and  as  rites  which  the 
priest  alone  is  competent  to  administer. 

The  essence  of  the  Puritan  protest  must  be  distinguished  from 
its  accidents.  To  give  effect  to  their  rejection  of  the  doctrine  of 
a  priesthood,  they  adopted  measures  which  some  may  consider  to 


THE  ELEMENTS  OF  PURITANISM.  331 

have  been,  even  at  tliat  time,  more  radical  tlian  was  necessary; 
the  significance  and  propriety  of  which,  however,  can  be  jndged 
aright  only  by  those  who  penetrate  to  the  core  of  the  great  con- 
troversy in  which  they  were  parties,  and  form  a  jnst  idea  of  its 
momentons  character.  In  other  words,  we  mnst  not  overlook  the 
principle  for  which  they  were  consciously  contending.  And,  as  to 
these  special  practices,  it  may  be  that  usages  which  are  now  safe 
and  innoxious  have  acquired  this  character  by  means  of  the 
Pimtan  protest  which  led  to  the  temporary  displacement  of  them. 

Look,  for  example,  at  the  subject  of  marriage.  This  had 
been  deemed  a  sacrament.  As  such,  it  was  valid  only  when  sanc- 
tioned by  the  priest.  In  no  other  way  could  the  grace  required 
for  securing  the  benefits  of  matrimony  be  procured.  JVIaiTiage 
without  the  act  of  the  priest  was  impossible ;  it  was  unchristian 
concubinage.  This  had  been  the  belief  of  Christian  Europe.  It 
gave  to  the  clerical  corporation  of  the  Church  of  Rome  an  abso- 
lute control  over  marriage  in  the  Christian  nations  under  its  sway. 
This  tremendous  prerogative  had  been  acknowledged  to  inhere  in 
the  clergy.  All  this  the  Puritan  of  New  England  repudiated  in 
the  most  practical  way  possible.  He  married  without  the  help  of 
a  minister.  He  went  with  his  bride  before  the  civil  magistrate, 
and  entered  into  covenant  with  her.  Those  who  call  to  mind  the 
conflict,  in  recent  days,  in  Roman  Catholic  countries — as  Belgium, 
Italy,  and  France — over  the  validity  of  marriage  by  the  civil 
contract,  will  better  appreciate  the  magnitude  of  that  question  on 
which  the  Puritans,  in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries, 
were  called  upon  to  act.  When  the  battle  has  been  won, — when 
there  is  no  longer  practical  danger  that  the  indispensableness  of 
the  clergyman  to  give  validity  to  a  marriage  will  be  asserted, — 
the  reasons,  such  as  they  were,  for  disconnecting  the  marriage 
covenant  from  religious  services  are  no  longer  applicable. 

The  objection  to  the  use  of  a  ring  in  the  marriage  ceremony 
was  felt  by  Puritans  generally,  in  England  as  well  as  here,  even 
by  those  who  had  no  scruples  about  the  solemnization  of  the  rite 
by  a  minister.  Tlie  main  ground  of  this  objection  was  the  common 
idea  that  the  ring  was  s;yTnboUcal  in  such  a  sense  as  to  imply 
the  sacramental  character  of  man-iage.  The  ring  was  used  in 
espousals  by  tlie  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans,  but  was  not  used 
by  them  as  a  part  of  the  marriage  ceremony.  In  the  Church 
it  continued  to  be  used  in  betrothal,  as  a  symbol  of  the  tie  which 
had  been  formed ;  but  in  the  marriage  rite  itself  it  was  probably 
VOL.  cxxxiii. — NO.  299.  23 


23 


332  THE  NOETH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

not  used  until  about  tlie  tenth  centuiy.  The  introduction  of  the 
marriage-ring  was  probably  derived  from  the  custom  of  giving 
the  ring,  with  the  staff,  to  bishops  at  their  consecration.  Whether 
coiTectly  or  not,  the  ceremony  of  placing  the  ring  on  the  bride's 
finger  was  held,  as  we  have  said,  to  indicate  the  symbolic  and 
sacramental  nature  of  marriage  itself.  The  couples  of  Puritan 
descent  who  go  through  the  form  of  bestowing  and  receiving  the 
ring,  at  the  present  day,  certainly  have  no  such  dogmatic  associa- 
tion with  what  they  regard  as  a  harmless  and  pleasing  custom. 
But  there  is  no  ground  for  flinging  stones  at  their  Puritan  ances- 
tors who  were  in  the  thick  of  the  battle  with  Romish  theologj^, 
and  who  felt  called  upon  to  scrutinize  the  usages  which  had  come 
down  fi-om  times  when  Christianity  was  taught  in  a  perverted 
form,  and  the  rights  of  the  laity  were  absorbed  by  the  clerical 
body. 

It  w^ould  be  easy  to  show  how  a  variety  of  Puritan  usages  are 
thus  the  offshoot  of  a  deep-seated  antagonism  to  the  sacerdotal 
theory  of  the  ministry.  Those  who  adhere  to  this  theory,  and 
those  who  play  fast-and-loose  with  it,  not  distinctly  knowing 
what  they  do  hold,  will  find  nothing  to  respect  in  the  sturdy, 
unsparing  protest  of  Puritanism.  It  cannot  escape  the 
student  of  English  history  that  it  was  the  Puritans  who,  as 
regards  EngHsh  Christianity,  inflicted  upon  sacerdotalism  a  blow 
from  which  it  has  never  recovered. 

In  the  second  place,  the  Puritan  was  the  champion  of  the  truth 
that  Christian  worship  must  be  a  "  reasonable  service,''  that  is, 
intelligent  and  spiritual. 

The  idea  lingered  in  the  minds  of  men  that  God  has  a  special 
abode  in  consecrated  temples,  which  have  thus  a  mysterious 
sanctity.  This  idea,  which  the  Puritan  saw  to  be  contrary  to  the 
letter  as  weU  as  spirit  of  the  New  Testament,  he  took  effectual 
measures  to  dispel.  He  used  his  "meeting-house"  for  town- 
meetings,  or  any  other  lawful  secular  purpose. 

Another  phase  of  this  conviction  as  to  the  nature  of  true 
religion  led  to  an  abhorrence  of  all  ceremonies  which  either 
convey  no  clear  meaning  to  the  mind,  or  were  thought  to 
encourage  a  piety  divorced  from  intelligent  perceptions  of  truth 
and  sound  principles  of  conduct.  Vague,  dreamy  sentiment, 
emotions  which  spring  out  of  no  truth  reciognized  by  the  mind, 
nnd  leave  the  character  and  actions  of  those  who  indulge  in  them 
unaltered,   were   odious   to   the   Puritan.     In   oui-  times,   from 


THE  ELEMENTS   OF  PURITANISM.  333 

aesthetic  impulses,  there  has  been  a  tendency  toward  mediaeval 
t}'pes  of  devotion.  Puritanism  was  a  vigorous  reaction  against 
analogous  conceptions  of  piety. 

If  the  Puritan  sometimes  laid  a  rougli  liand  on  '^the  fail* 
humanities"  of  the  old  ritual,  the  motive  at  least  may  be  honored. 
He  meant  that  religion  and  religious  worship  shoidd  be  genuine  ; 
should  be  a  real  approach  of  the  rational  creature  to  the  Creator. 
When  Oliver  Cromwell,  in  1644,  was  Governor  of  Ely,  he  wrote 
to  a  clerg;vTnan  named  Hitch  to  forbear  from  the  service  of  choral 
worship  in  the  cathetlral,  which  he  styled  "  unedifying  and  offen- 
sive." The  clerg\Tnan,  however,  did  not  desist.  Entering  the 
chui-ch  and  finding  Hitch  chanting  in  the  choir,  Oliver  reiterated 
the  command,  and  as  the  clergyman  still  persisted,  said  to  him, 
"Leave  off  youi-  fooHng,  and  come  down,  sir," — an  injunction 
which  had  the  effect  to  break  off  the  service.  It  appeared  to 
CromweU,  and  to  many  Puritans  of  that  day,  to  be  mere  "  fool- 
ing." Ceremonies  which  had  been  transmitted  from  less  enlight- 
ened times  struck  them  as  either  a  substitute  for  spiritual  worship, 
or  as  artificial,  cumbersome  performances,  as  repugnant  to  sincere, 
manly  devotion,  as  the  elaborate  etiquette  of  Louis  XlVth's 
court  is  repugnant  to  our  idea  of  genuine  kindness  and  courtesy. 
There  was  a  \drility  in  the  Puritan  which  made  him  impatient 
of  ceremonies  which  he  felt  that  he  had  outgrown,  impatient 
of  the  pageantry  of  worship  which  was  an  heirloom  from  the 
days  when  imagination  shaped  the  usages  of  court  and  temple. 
This  was  the  secret  of  his  cra\dng  for  simplicity  in  religious 
services.  The  Puritan  was  a  stanch  enemy  of  formalism ;  and 
formalism,  it  cannot  l)e  denied,  is  a  besetting  danger  in  the  Chris- 
tian church  as  under  other  religions.  While,  therefore,  many 
of  these  questions  relating  to  worship  are  open  to  debate,  and 
while  no  single  individual  can  make  himself  a  measure  of  what  is 
edifying  to  all  others,  and  no  more  any  one  generation  determine 
what  is  wholesome  for  another,  the  Puritan's  grand  assertion  that 
religion,  if  it  have  any  worth,  must  be  intelligent  and  spiritual, 
retains  a  perpetual  force  and  value. 

Thirdly,  the  Puritan  inculcation  of  the  supreme  authority  of 
religion  in  ever^'  pro^'ince  of  human  life  has  lost  none  of  its  im- 
portance. 

Others  did  not  deny  tliat  the  civil  magistrate  was  l)()und  by 
the  law  of  God,  but  the  Puritan  thundered  this  tiiith  in  the  mag- 
istrate's  ear.     The   Puritans   never   forgot   ^'the    higher    law." 


334  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

James  I.  was  not  wrong  in  thinking  that  Puritanism  did  not 
comport  with  such  prerogatives  as  he  wanted  kings  to  possess. 
This  lesson  his  descendants  practically  learned.  No  Puritan 
would  ever  have  fallen  on  his  knees  and  assured  that  theological 
despot  that  his  twaddle  was  uttered  with  the  special  assistance  of 
the  Holy  Ghost.  The  temptation  of  Puritanism  Avas  to  substi- 
tute a  tyranny  of  the  church  for  a  tyranny  of  the  state;  but 
their  system  nourished  a  spirit  of  independence  which  eventually 
proved  too  strong  for  any  spiritual  authority  of  their  own  crea- 
tion to  withstand. 

It  was  the  idea  of  the  supreme  place  that  belongs  to  religion 
as  the  guide  and  motive  of  all  conduct,  that  inspired  Puritan  views 
in  respect  to  amusements.  Many  of  the  amusements  which  they 
proscribed  no  Christians  now  approve.  Macaulay  wittily  re- 
marks that  they  forbade  bear-baiting,  not  because  it  gave  pain  to 
the  bear,  but  because  it  gave  pleasure  to  the  spectators.  But 
this  reason,  as  everybody  now  allows,  was  good  and  sufficient. 
It  was  a  demoralizing  sport.  It  is  a  disputed  point  whether  the 
theater  is,  or  is  not,  a  legitimate  instrument  of  culture  and 
source  of  entertainment.  But  few  sober-minded  persons  would 
now  sanction  that  theater  which  the  Puritans  forbade.  Extreme 
Puritanism  made  too  little  room  for  recreations.  Its  tendency 
was  to  give  a  too  somber  hue  to  the  life  of  the  young.  In  its 
degenerate  form,  Puritanism  might  run  into  that  exclusive  ab- 
sorption in  the  affairs  of  religion  which  has  been  designated 
"  other-worldliness.'^  But  one  should  not  be  ashamed  to  declare 
it  to  be  the  glory  of  Puritanism  that  it  cut  out  of  the  programme 
of  life  everything  frivolous  and  everything  debasing,  and 
affirmed  that  man's  pleasures  as  weU  as  grave  employments  must 
be  conducive  to  the  advancement  of  his  intellectual  and  moral 
natui'e,  and  consonant  with  his  destiny  as  an  immortal  being. 
Matthew  Arnold  has  made  much  of  the  want  of  the  '^  Hellenic" 
element  in  the  Puritan  ideal  of  man  and  of  life.  Whatever 
fault  there  was  of  this  character  sprang  from  the  excess  of  a 
virtue.  If  the  injunction  of  Christianity  be  right  that  "  tvhatso- 
ever  ye  do ''  is  to  be  done  for  the  glory  of  God,  or  for  a  religious 
spirit  and  for  religious  ends,  the  Puritans  must  be  allowed  to  be 
distinguished  among  all  witnesses  to  this  fundamental  truth. 

Dean  Mozley  has  called  it  a  sufficient  argument  agaiast  Puri- 
tanism that  it  came  to  be  laughed  at.  It  succeeded  in  making 
itself  an  object  of   derision.     But  the  first  Christians  had  the 


THE  ELEMENTS   OF  mrjRITANISM.  335 

same  lot.  They  were  '^  mocked  at."  It  was  not  the  Englisli 
Puritans  that  Lucian  derided.  Moreover  it  must  l)e  r(^membered 
that  not  all  Puritans  were  ascetic.  John  Milton  was  a  zeahjus 
Puritan.  The  extravagances  and  hypocrisy  which  Puritanism, 
like  other  religious  movements,  could  not  fail  to  breed  were  ex- 
crescences by  which  the  system  is  not  to  be  judged.  The  Puri- 
tan sense  of  the  responsibility  and  seriousness  of  life  will  be 
denied  only  by  those  who  attach  little  weight  to  the  precepts  of 
the  New  Testament. 

These  are  signs  that  the  long  controversy  of  Churchman  and 
Puritan  is  approaching  its  end.  Its  dimensions  are  becoming 
every  day  contracted. 

First.  One  principal  bone  of  controversy  grew  out  of  the 
union  of  church  and  state.  What  should  be  the  power  of  the 
magistrate  in  the  concerns  of  the  church  ?  With  the  severance 
of  the  connection  of  church  and  state,  disputes  of  this  sort  are 
superseded.  In  this  country,  all  parties  imite  in  the  convic- 
tion that  the  civil  authority  should  l)e  neutral  as  regards  the 
different  denominations,  and  that  these  should  severally  govei-n 
and  sustain  themselves.  In  England,  Nonconformist  and  Ritual- 
ist appear  disposed  to  join  hands  in  securing  disestablishment. 
It  is  curious  to  observe  that  a  considerable  portion  of  the  former 
class  have  hardly  any  other  objection  to  the  Anglican  Church 
except  that  it  is  allied  to  the  state.  Disestablishment  might 
bring  opposers  within  its  pale. 

Second.  The  number  is  comparatively  small  who  maintain  a 
divine  right  for  either  system  of  church  organization.  Not 
only  Episcopalians,  but  Presbyterians  also,  and  even  Congregtv 
tionalists,  have  often  stoutly  asserted  that  their  peculiar  method 
of  government  is  the  only  admissible  one  according  to  the  laws 
of  the  New  Testament.  Such  pretensions  have  less  and  less 
sui)p()rt.  A  multitude  of  chur(;hmen  agree  with  th(^  gi-eat  lights 
of  the  English  Reformation  down  to  Hooker  and  including  him, 
— not  to  speak  of  eminent  Anglicans  of  a  later  day, —  that  episco- 
pal government,  however  ancient  and  however  beneficial,  is  not 
essential  to  the  being  of  a  church  or  to  the  existence  of  an 
authorized  ministry.  The  various  systems  of  church  order  show 
their  character  by  their  fruits,  and  by  their  fruits  they  wiU  be 
judged.  The  j//r^  dirhio  claims  must  share  the  fate  of  the  ])oliticiil 
theories  that  affirmed  the  divine  right  of  kings  or  the  divine 
right  of  democracy. 


336  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

Third.  The  historical  questions,  anciently  so  much  disputed 
between  Anglican  and  Puritan,  are  less  and  less  controverted 
among  unbiased  scholars  on  either  side.  Let  me  mention  two 
works  of  a  recent  date.  The  ''  Essay  on  the  Christian  Minis- 
trjj^^  by  Professor  Lightfoot,  now  the  Bishop  of  Durham,  and 
the  Bampton  Lectures  on  the  '^  Organization  ot  the  Primitive 
Churches,"  by  Mr.  Hatch,  another  eminent  scholar,  contain  little 
which  candid  Presbyterian  or  Congregationalist  scholars  would 
dispute.  The  removal  of  such  inquiries  from  the  atmosphere  of 
partisanship  to  the  field  of  true  scientific  and  historical  inquiry, 
brings  to  pass  a  substantial  agreement  among  students.  The 
origin  and  character  of  early  episcopacy  are  pretty  well  ascer- 
tained, and  the  results  of  historical  research  dispose  of  extrava- 
gant assertions  which  have  been  made  on  both  sides. 

Fourth.  Aright  apprehension  of  historical  development  in  the 
church  has  contributed  to  an  agreement  in  more  enlightened 
views.  The  Anglican  often  planted  himself  on  the  church  of  the 
first  three  centuries.  The  Puritan  denied  any  special  authority 
in  the  post-apostoHc  church.  He  found,  pretty  early,  prayers 
for  the  dead,  and  other  unscriptui-al  and  obnoxious  practices. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  Puritan  not  unfrequently,  tacitly  if  not 
expressly,  rejected  in  a  peremptor}^  way  whatever  could  not  plead 
for  itself  an  explicit  scriptural  warrant.  Protestants,  on  both 
sides,  are  coming  to  perceive  that,  as  the  Spirit  of  God  did  not 
forsake  the  church  at  the  death  of  the  apostles,  there  might  be  a 
legitimate  development  in  doctrine,  in  ethics,  in  forms  and  modes 
of  worship,  in  polity.  Rejecting  the  theory  of  Cardinal  Newman 
and  the  Roman  Catholics  of  his  school,  which  assumes  that 
development  was  of  necessity  normal,  and  bears  throughout 
the  seal  of  infallibility,  we  can  still  value  ever^i:hing  in  the 
church  of  the  post-apostoHc  ages,  down  to  the  present,  which  is 
not  discordant  with  the  genius  of  the  Gospel.  "We  neither  cut 
ourselves  off  from  the  past,  nor  make  ourselves  slaves  to  the  past. 
Here  is  an  advance  beyond  the  point  of  view  of  the  average 
Churchman  and  of  the  average  Puritan  of  a  former  day,  and  a 
basis  for  agreement. 

Fifth.  As  regards  worship,  few,  if  any,  would  now  assert  the 
unlawfulness  of  written  forms.  Few  would  speak  slightingly 
of  those  which  are  collected  in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 
Who  can  fail  to  discern  the  power  of  that  Litany  through  which 
multitudes  of  devout  Christians,  for  a  thousand  years  past,  have 


THE  ELEMENTS  OF  FURUANISM.  337 

poiired  out  their  supplications  for  deliverance  ?  On  the  other 
hand,  the  time  is  past  for  persons  to  speak  contemptuously 
of  extemporaneous  prayer  —  especially  persons  who  have  much 
knowledge  of  the  early  church.  There  are  many  wh(^  prize  the 
Litm-gy,  but  yet  crave  the  liberty  of  offering  in  public  worship 
spontaneous,  un\vTitten  supplications.  And  it  is  more  and  more 
recognized  that  all  Cliristian  souls  are  not  edified  by  precisely 
the  same  methods  of  worship.  To  preserve  and  to  use  the  rich 
legacy  of  devotion,  the  treasures  of  prayer  and  hymn,  which 
have  come  down  fi*om  the  past,  and,  at  the  same  time,  to  give 
unfettered  expression  to  the  aspirations  and  all  the  deep  religious 
emotions  which  belong  to  the  Hving  present,  to  the  hour  that 
now  is — this  is  the  problem  which  thoughtful  and  reverent  Chris- 
tian men  will  eventually  solve.  In  worship,  as  in  government 
and  discipline,  order  and  liberty  are  to  blend. 

George  P.  Fisher. 


THE  STATE  AND  THE  NATION. 


''The  unity  of  government,  wliich  constitutes  you  one  people,  is  also  now 
dear  to  you.  It  is  justly  so ;  for  it  is  a  main  pillar  in  the  edifice  of  your  inde- 
pendence— the  support  of  your  tranquillity  at  home,  your  peace  abroad,  of  your 
safety,  of  your  prosperity,  of  that  very  liberty  which  you  so  highly  prize.  But 
as  it  is  easy  to  foresee  that,  from  different  causes  and  from  different  quarters, 
much  pains  will  be  taken,  many  artifices  employed,  to  weaken  in  youi*  minds 
the  conviction  of  this  truth ;  as  this  is  the  point  in  your  political  fortress 
against  which  the  batteries  of  internal  and  external  enemies  will  be  most  con- 
stantly and  actively  (though  often  covertly  and  insidiously)  directed, — it  is  of 
infinite  moment  that  you  should  properly  estimate  the  immense  value  of  your 
national  union  to  your  collective  and  individual  happiness." — Washington's 
Farewell  Address. 

A  LEARNED  and  acute  gentleman  has  recently  put  forth  a  new 
edition  of  a  large  book,  designed,  as  thSfe  preface  states,  to  show 
that  the  authors  and  promoters  of  the  late  rebeUion  committed 
no  crime  against  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  for  the  reason 
that  their  States  having  passed  ordinances  of  secession,  they  were 
no  longer  amenable  to  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United 
States  against  treason,  insurrection,  etc.,  and  that  now  the  Ameri- 
can people  "  are,  in  form,  and  life,  and  action,  an  association  of 
republics,'^  and,  as  we  understand  him,  nothing  more  or  other.* 

Another  writer,  justly  very  eminent  at  the  bar,  and  very  pow- 
erful in  the  political  party  that  resisted  the  last  three  amend- 
ments of  the  Federal  Constitution,  and  all  legislative  action  to 
enforce  them,  has,  in  the  May  number  of  this  Review,  given  his 
views  on  the  nature  of  the  relation  of  the  national  and  State  gov- 
ernments, and  has  pointed  out  what  he  considers  to  have  been 
the  invasions  of  State  rights  by  the  national  Government,  and 
the  dangers  of  many  acts  of  Congress  in  the  direction  of  cen- 
tralization, t 

*  ''The  Republic  of  Republics,  or  American  Federal  Liberty."  By  C.  P. 
Centz,  Barrister.     Boston:  Little,  Brown  &  Co.     1881. 

t  "  Centralization  in  the  Federal  Government."     David  D.  Field. 


CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S  SONS' 

RECENT  PUBLICATIONS. 

East   of  the   Jordan  :     a  Record  of  Travel  and  Observation  in 

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COMPOUND  OXYGEN. 


1 


For    the    Cure    of    Consumption,    Asthma,    Bronchitis,    Catarrh, 

Dyspepsia,  Headache,  (Dzaena,  Debihty,  and  all  Chronic 

and  Nervous  Disorders,  by  a  Natural  Process 

of  Revitalization. 


A    RAPID    DECLINE    ARRESTED    AND 

THE   PATIENT   RESTORED 

TO   HEALTH. 

The  following  testimonial  from  Mrs.  Anna  G.  Four- 
qurean,  of  San  Marcos,  Texas,  came  to  us  unsolicited. 
No  stronger  evidence  could  possibly  be  given  of  the 
curative  value  of  Compound  Oxygen.  It  is  unequivo- 
cal in  its  statements.  The  lady's  husband,  from  whom 
we  have  had  several  letters,  in  which  he  spoke  of  the 
wonderful  restoration  to  health  in  the  case  of  his  wife, 
is  a  well-known  and  influential  citizen  of  San  Marcos, 
and  will,  at  any  time,  corroborate  the  statements  con- 
tained in  the  communication  we  give  below: 

"San  Marcos,  Texas,  May  21,  1881. 

"Dear  Drs.  Starkey  &  Palen:  I  can  not  refrain 
from  adding  my  testimonial,  as  to  the  merits  of  your 
Compound  Oxygen,  to  the  many  which  are  being  sent 
to  you  from  all  parts  of  the  country.  I  can  testify,  not 
that  your  '  Treatment'  benefited  me,  but  that  it  cured 
me.  My  symptoms  indicated  consumption.  For  seven 
or  eight  years  I  had  been  troubled,  more  or  less,  with 
deep  oppression  in  the  chest  and  pains  through  the 
lungs;  slight  colds  would  make  me  cough  and  spit  up 
blood.  In  the  spring  of  1878  a  deep  cold  settled  on 
my  lungs;  I  had  a  dreadful  cough,  accompanied  by 
daily  fevers,  sleepless  nights,  indigestion,  loss  of  flesh 
and  strength,  mental  depression,  and  hcemorrhages 
front  the  lungs.  This  state  continued  for  eighteen 
months,  notwithstanding  I  had  the  treatment  of  good 
physicians.  By  this  time  I  had  lost  all  vitality,  spent 
most  of  the  time  in  bed,  coughed  continually,  raising 
a  large  quantity  of  deep-yellow  mucus,  and,  after  a 
little  sleep  in  the  latter  part  of  the  night,  /  ivould 
awaken  drenched  with  night-sweats,  and  so  prostrated 
that  I  could  not  raise  myself  in  bed  until  I  had  taken  a 
little  brandy. 

"/  began  to  lose  hopes  of  life.  My  husband  and 
my  neighbors  thought  I  could  not  possibly  live.  About 
this  time  your  'Compound  Oxygen  Treatment'  was 
brought  to  our  notice.  My  husband  immediately  sent 
for  it;  I  stopped  the  use  of  all  medicines  and  began 
the  '  Treatment.'  I  was  too  weak  at  first  to  take  it  for 
as  long  a  time  as  two  minutes;  but  gradually  the  in- 
halations increased  in  length  and  strength,  and  would 
leave  such  a  delightful  sense  of  relief  to  my  lungs  that 
I  loved  to  inhale.  My  fever  grew  lighter  each  day 
until  I  had  none. 

"  Two  weeks  from  the  beginning  of  the  '  Treatment ' 
I  began  to  feel  like  a  new  person ;  could  take  walks ; 
found  myself  singing  while  at  my  work  ;  indeed,  I 
scarcely  recognized  my  own  self;  my  flesh  increased, 
and  I  felt  and  looked  younger. 

"I  used  the  'Treatment'  four  months  faithfully; 
after^that  irregularly  for  several  months,  and,  at  the  end 
of  twelve  months  from  the  time  I  began  it,  /  had  no 
cough,  no  sign  of  lung-diseast ;  in  other  words,  I  was 

WELL. 

'*  It  is  more  than  a  year  since  I  left  off  taking  the 
Oxygen,  and  I  have  had  no  return  of  the  disease.  It 
is  almost  needless  to  say  my  heart  is  filled  with  grati- 
tude to  Drs.  Starkey  and  Palen  for  their  wonderful 
remedy.  My  neighbors  think  I  am  one-idead  on  the 
subject,  and  I  wish  I  could  get  my  one  idea  into  the 
heads  of  all  suffering  from  disease.  Some  people  are 
slow  to  believe  its  merits,  but  it  seems  to  me  its  very 
name  should  serve  as  a  '  pass- word.' 


"  Hoping  that  this  may  influence  some  one  likewise 
afl[1icted  to  use  the  '  Compound  Oxygen  Treatment,'  I 
remain  one  among  its  strongest  advocates. 

"Anna  G.  Fourqurean." 


PROMPT  ACTION  AND  REMARKABLE 
IMPROVEMENT.  i. 

In  November  last  we  received  aul^ttaJMlBni  the 
editor  and  proprietor  of  a  newspapeAA^the^i^te  of 
Ohio,  in  which  he  gave  us  a  statemelPbf  his  condi- 
tion, which  we  condense,  giving  the  leading  points  in 
the  case : 

"  Age  30.  Four  months  ago  I  was  apparently  in 
good  health.  I  was  at  that  time  kept  awake  by  one  of 
our  children,  who  was  sick,  until  at  last  I  was  unable 
to  sleep  at  all.  I  then  used  Chloral  Hydrate  for  five 
weeks  every  night.  I  finally  became  despondent,  mel- 
ancholy, and  dyspeptic,  and  totally  unable  to  attend  to 
business.  Lost  all  interest  in  everything.  I  then  put 
myself  under  the  care  of  our  best  physician,  but  was 
not  benefited.     My  vitality  is  below  par." 

A  Treatment  was  sent  early  in  December,  and  its 
use  promptly  commenced  and  steadily  used  according 
to  directions.  After  the  lapse  of  a  month  we  received 
the  following  letter: 

" ,  Ohio,  January  3,  i88x. 

"Drs.  Starkey  &  Palen — Dear  Sirs:  It  is  now 
nearly  four  weeks  since  I  commenced  the  use  of  Com- 
pound O.xygen,  and  /  atn  happy  to  report  that  I  am 
much  better.  During  the  first  two  weeks  I  did  not 
mark  any  change,  but  during  the  last  week  have  felt 
almost  well  again.  My  sleep  is  noiu  so  refreshing; 
and  although  I  get  nervous  and  afraid  I  will  have  a 
bad  night  nearly  every  evening,  yet  /  have  net  failed 
to  get  to  sleep  since  the  first  night  I  used  the  Oxygen. 
At  first  I  was  restless  and  wakeful,  but  now  I  sleep 
six  or  seven  hours  at  a  stretch.  As  to  my  business 
capeuity,  I  have  not  been  in  better  tnm  or  felt  a  great- 
er interest  in  my  w  ork  for  a  year  or  more.  In  fact,  I 
believe  I  am  now  where  I  was  a  year  since.  I  realize 
from  that  that  my  complaint  has  been  coming  on  me, 
slowly  but  surely,  for  a  long  time — possibly  years  ;  but 
I  am  now  stepping  backward  out  of  it  at  a  very  rapid 
rate.  I  could  stand  a  slower  progress,  now  life  is  en~ 
durable,  and  I  can  begin  to  see  the  silver  lining  of  my 
cloud,  although  I  am  but  a  few  days  from  the  b^k  vol' 
ley.     I  atn  much  better !  ..."  .     ' 

After  a  period  of  nearly  seven  weeks,  another  let- 
ter was  received,  bearing  the  date  February  i8th,  and 
ordering  a  second  Treatment,  from  which  we  take  an 
extract  showing  that  he  had  not  only  held  to  the  gain 
which  he  had  received,  but  was  still  improving: 

"  I  am,"  ho  says,  "nearly  well.  I  feel  splendidly, 
and  my  weight  is  more  than  it  has  ever  been,  with 
a  steady  increase  of  two  pounds  per  week.  I  am 
troubled  some  with  nervous  fears,  and  am  in  dread  of 
another  attack  of  sleeplessness,  something  that  is  very 
foolish,  but  over  which  I  have  not  yet  gained  the  mas- 
tery. .  .  .  Aly  dyspepsia  has  vanished.  Altogether  I 
am  much  better,  and  I  thank  the  Compound  Oxygen 
for  my  f  resent  health.  Do  you  not  think  it  advisable 
to  contmue  a  while  longer?  I  am  s.-itisfied  with  ray 
progress,  but  want  to  keep  on  until  1  have  neither  a 
pain,  ache,  nor  morbid  fancy." 


Our  Treatise  on  Compound  Oxygen  is  sent  free  of  charge.  It  contains  a  history  of  the  discovery,  nature,  and 
action  of  this  new  remedy,  and  a  record  of  many  of  the  remarkable  results  which  have  so  far  attended  its  use. 

Also  sent  free,  ''Health  and  Life,"  a  quarterly  record  of  cases  and  cures  under  the  Compound  Oxygen 
Treatment. 

Depository  on  Pacific  Coast. — H.  E.  Mathews,  606  Montgomery  Street,  San  Francisco,  California,  will 
fill  orders  for  the  Compound  Oxygen  Treatment  on  Pacific  Coast. 

DRS.    STARKEY    &o    PALEN, 

G  E."  plLEN,^Ph  R.,''M.^n.^"    1 1 09  6^  1 1 1 1  Girard  St.  (bet.  Chestnut  &  Markel).  Phila.,  Fa, 


